Cultural responsiveness in learning communities: A focus on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 

Developing cultural competency
Perso and Hayward (2015, 1) define ‘cultural responsiveness’ as ‘enacted cultural competence’, meaning applying one’s ‘capacity or ability to understand, interact and communicate effectively, and with sensitivity, with people from different cultural backgrounds’.

Cultural competency requires, but should not be confused with, cultural knowledge. Approaches to cultural difference in education can rely on teaching the ‘four Fs’ – food, folk-dancing, festivals and fashion. However, what’s required is an engagement with the ‘deeper dimensions of students’ cultural lives’ and ‘the complex issues of power, discrimination or colonialism’ which inevitably structure teacher-student relations (Morrison et al. 2019, 47–48).

Developing cultural competency requires critical self-awareness of non-Indigenous people’s cultural positioning, as well as an understanding of the history and socio-political factors that structure Indigenous and non-Indigenous relations, including its impacts on the classroom (Bishop and Durksen 2020).

For more on developing cultural competency see also Buckskin 2019.

Scaffolding
Scaffolding involves educators providing structured support to help children and young people develop new skills or understanding. It can help make learning culturally relevant to children and young people (Perso 2012, 50–51) and has had success when used with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students (Halse and Robinson 2011, 263).

For more on scaffolding, see also Perso and Hayward 2015, 128–30.

Respecting and using Aboriginal English and Indigenous languages
One classroom strategy to improve learning outcomes for students is to recognise that many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students speak something other than standard Australian English at home. For teachers to effectively scaffold, it is important to recognise that the words and phrases educators use are not necessarily ones that are recognisable or known by students (as it may not be something they are exposed to at home). Aboriginal English is not ‘bad English’ – it is a different variety of English (in the same way Australian English is different to American English) with its own patterns of pronunciation and unique vocabulary (Perso and Hayward 2015, 38–39).

Recognising that many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students come from home environments with a different linguistic context, can help teachers adjust their pedagogy to ensure better comprehension and communication (Perso 2012, 56–58).

For more on respecting and using Aboriginal English and Indigenous languages, see also Halse and Robinson, 264–265.

High expectations
Teachers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students should be careful not to lower learning expectations of their students, which can result in poorer educational opportunities for them. Having high expectations can counter these harmful assumptions and practices.

For more on high expectations see Morrison et al. 2019, 20–21; Perso and Hayward 2015, 71–74; Perso 2012, 55–56.

Building strong relationships with children and young people
Significant scholarship demonstrates the importance of strong relationships between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people and their educators. Perso (2012, 49) highlights that there’s less likely to be a cultural expectation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students to simply defer to adult educators, often because children tend to be more independent and take on large responsibilities, such as taking care of younger siblings.

For educators, build strong, authentic relationships with children and young people to earn their respect and trust.

For more on building strong relationships with children and young people, see also Bishop and Durksen 2020, 188.

Building strong relationships with parents, carers and the wider community
To better understand children and young people’s environments, learning communities must develop strong relationships with parents, carers and the local community. Some ways to do this might include finding opportunities to participate in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community events or by hosting special functions for Elders and the community.

For more on building strong relationships with parents, carers and the wider community, see Harrison and Shellwood 2016, 73; Smith 2011.

The National Quality Standard (NQS)
All the quality areas of the NQS provide a foundation for culturally competent practice in early childhood education and care. Quality Area 6 – Collaborative partnerships with families and communities outlines standards for building strong relationships with parents and carers, based on respect for ‘the expertise, culture, values and beliefs of families.

Early Years Learning Framework
The five Principles of Belonging, Becoming & Being provide the base for cultural responsiveness. Relevant to the strategies listed above are Principle 2: Partnerships; Principle 3: High expectations and equity; and Principle 4: Respect for diversity. The Educators’ Guide to the Early Years Learning Framework for Australia discusses cultural competence and the journey for educators growing competence in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.

My Time Our Place
The Educators’ Guide to the Framework for School Age Care in Australia provides guidance on growing competence in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures. It offers definitions of ‘cultural’ and ‘competence’ for individual educators and teams to explore, covers relationship-building, and discusses the learning journey of growing cultural competence for educators.

Australian Curriculum
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures cross-curriculum priority supports teachers to embed the contributions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Cultures in all the learning areas of the Australian Curriculum. For example, the Science elaborations for this cross-curriculum priority acknowledge that Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have worked scientifically for millennia and show how Indigenous history, cultures, knowledge and understanding can be incorporated into teaching core scientific concepts.

Lewthwaite et al. (2017) argue that many of the supporting resources relating to Aboriginal students are ‘conspicuously nebulous’, and research relating to culturally responsive pedagogy is often ‘high-inference’ (that is, subject to wide varieties of personal interpretation) (Morrison et al. 2019, 43–51).

According to the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL), challenges for adopting culturally responsive pedagogy (AITSL 2020, 25–26) can also include the following:

• Teachers feel guilty or paralysed by a fear of offending (see also Morrison et al. 2019, 51).
• Teachers unable to discern the quality of the resources available for teaching about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories, cultures and perspectives.
• Teachers find it difficult or uncomfortable to connect with the local Indigenous community.
• School leadership shows resistance or apathy.
• Teachers express unwillingness to develop cultural competency, which might involve embracing vulnerability and feeling uncomfortable.
• Teachers are not educated on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander studies in their initial teacher education.

Racism and racialised perspectives are key concepts to explore in developing support for educators to strengthen their cultural competence, and these challenges present learning communities with opportunities to partner with educational experts and organisations.

All Together Now is a not-for-profit offering resources and tools to educate Australians about racism, including racism in schools.

Racism. It Stops With Me is a national campaign that provides resources for early childhood educators and school learning resources, including lesson plans, to learn more about racism and contribute to an inclusive society.

The Australian Dream education resources by ABC Education teach students about Adam Goodes’s story. Based on five videos that discuss the themes of Indigenous Australian identity; history and truths; racism; and resilience and reconciliation, the resources aim to promote an inclusive nation and include key considerations for educators.

The Final Quarter Curriculum Resources by education not-for-profit Cool Australia address racisms, rights and reconciliation. There are 52 lessons designed for Years 5 to 12 that investigate racism, privilege, truth-telling, cultural pride, resilience, values and dignity.

For a longer list of useful websites and organisations to support culturally responsive pedagogy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, see Useful websites for engaging with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and cultures.

AITSL, Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. 2011. ‘Australian Professional Standards for Teachers’. https://www.aitsl.edu.au/docs/default-source/national-policy-framework/australian-professional-standards-for-teachers.pdf

———. 2020. Indigenous Cultural Competency in the Australian Teaching Workforce: Discussion Paper available at
https://www.aitsl.edu.au/teach/intercultural-development/building-a-culturally-responsive-australian-teaching-workforce

Bishop, M, and T L Durksen. 2020. ‘What Are the Personal Attributes a Teacher Needs to Engage Indigenous Students Effectively in the Learning Process? Re-Viewing the Literature’. Educational Research 62 (2): 181–98.

Bucksin, P. 2019. ‘Engaging Indigenous Students: The Important Relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Students and Their Teachers’. In Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education: An Introduction for the Teaching Profession, edited by K Price and J Rogers, 272–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Halse, C, and Aunty M Robinson. 2011. ‘Working with Aboriginal Students’. In Teaching Aboriginal Studies: A Practical Resource for Primary and Secondary Teaching, edited by R Craven, 2nd ed., 257–72. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Harrison, N, and J Shellwood. 2016. Learning and Teaching in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Lewthwaite, B E, H Boon, T Webber, and G Laffin. 2017. ‘Quality Teaching Practices as Reported by Aboriginal Parents, Students and Their Teachers: Comparisons and Contrasts’. Australian Journal of Teacher Education 42 (12): 80–97.

Morrison, A, L-I Rigney, R Hattam, and A Diplock. 2019. ‘Toward an Australian Culturally Responsive Pedagogy: A Narrative Review of the Literature’. University of South Australia. https://apo.org.au/node/262951

Perso, T. 2012. ‘Cultural Responsiveness and School Education with a Particular Focus on Australia’s First Peoples: A Review & Synthesis of the Literature’. Menzies School of Health Research.
https://www.menzies.edu.au/icms_docs/312407_Cultural_Responsiveness_
and_School_Education.pdf

Perso, T, and C Hayward. 2015. Teaching Indigenous Students: Cultural Awareness and Classroom Strategies for Improving Learning Outcomes. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Smith, B. 2011. ‘Community Involvement’. In Teaching Aboriginal Studies: A Practical Resource for Primary and Secondary Teaching, edited by R Craven, 2nd ed., 194–209. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.